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991.
Chih-Chun Hsieh Tao-Chih Chang Dong-Yih Lin Ming-Che Chen Weite Wu 《Metals and Materials International》2007,13(5):411-416
The purpose of this study is to investigate the precipitation characteristics of σ phase in the fusion zone of stainless steel
welds at various welding passes during a tungsten are welding (GTAW) process. The morphology, quantity, and chemical composition
of the δ-ferrite and σ phase were analyzed using optical microscopy (OM), a ferritscope (FS), a X-ray diffractometer (XRD),
scanning electron microscopy (SEM), an electron probe micro-analyzer (EPMA), and a wavelength dispersive spectrometer (WDS),
respectively. Massive δ-ferrite was observed in the fusion zone of the first pass welds during welding of dissimilar stainless
steels. The σ phase precipitated at the inner δ-ferrite particles and decreased δ-ferrite content during the third pass welding.
The σ and δ phases can be stabilized by Si element, which promoted the phase transformation of σ→ϱ+λ2 in the fusion zone of the third pass welds. It was found that the σ phase was a Fe−Cr−Si intermetallic compound found in
the fusion zone of the third pass welds during multi-pass welding. 相似文献
992.
Marielle Montginoul 《Water Resources Management》2007,21(5):861-871
This paper presents the results of a 2003 national survey of urban water pricing structure implemented by 429 district level
water utilities. After providing some background elements on the diversity of existing water pricing structures, the paper
shows how each structure can be used to achieve different management objectives (water allocation efficiency, costs recovery,
and equity). It then describes the structures adopted by French water utilities, showing that flat rate are rarely adopted;
declining blocks frequently used; and increasing blocks pricing which should be used to promote water use efficiency remain
extremely rare. A statistical clustering is then conducted and a typology of situations elaborated. The paper concludes with
highlighting that current pricing structures are influenced by past practices and that the dominant objective of water utilities
is to cover costs. 相似文献
993.
Bong-Un Lee Hwa-Suk Oh Ja-Young Kang 《Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology》2007,21(3):436-447
The geometric singularity problem is one of principal difficulty when using single-gimbal control moment gyros as spacecraft
attitude control devices. To overcome singularity, new steering logics are suggested in this paper which results in a reduction
in the difficulty of generating gimbal rates around a singular state. One of the suggested steering laws presented is the
reduced dimensional singular value decomposition steering law, which adopts the singular value decomposition in reduced dimensional
forms. Two other steering laws make use of the least square method in reduced dimensional forms. All of the suggested steering
laws have been generated for the compensation of the torque insufficiency. These logics are verified mathematically and simulations
at a singular condition and non-singular condition are performed to see how well they work. 相似文献
994.
Xia Haihong Zhao Zhixiang Li Jigen Shi Yongqian Han Yinlu Zhu Shengyun Xu Yongli Guan Xialing Cui Baoqun Fu Shinian 《Frontiers of Energy and Power Engineering in China》2007,1(2):135-140
The conceptual study on the accelerator driven system (ADS) that lasted for about five years ended in 1999 in China. As one
project of the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) in the energy domain, which is sponsored by the China
Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), a five-year-program of fundamental research of ADS physics and related technology
was launched in 2000 and passed national review at the end of 2005. The China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE), the Institute
of High Energy Physics (IHEP), the Institute of Heavy Ion Physics in Peking University (PKU-IHIP) and other institutions jointly
carried out the research. The research activities were focused on HPPA physics and technology, reactor physics of external
source driven sub-critical assembly, nuclear data base and material study. For HPPA, a high current injector consisting of
an ECR ion source, LEBT and an RFQ accelerating structure of 3.5 MeV was built. In reactor physics study, a series of neutron
multiplication experimental study has been carried out and still being done. The VENUS facility has been constructed as the
basic experimental platform for neutronics study in ADS blanket. It’s a zero power sub-critical neutron multiplying assembly
driven by external neutron produced by a pulsed neutron generator. The theoretical, experimental and simulation study on nuclear
data, material properties and nuclear fuel circulation related to ADS is carrying on to provide the database for ADS system
analysis. The main results on ADS related researches will be reported. 相似文献
995.
The influence of nitrogen on the diffusion barrier properties of amorphous Ni---W films was studied. Nitrogen was introduced into the amorphous Ni---W film by co-sputtering nickel and tungsten in a premixed gas mixture of 90% Ar and 10% N2, resulting in the formation of amorphous Ni30N21W49 film. X-ray analysis indicates a detectable crystallization of the amorphous film after 30 min annealing in vacuum at 600°C, accompanied by the formation of W2N, but backscattering spectrometry (BS) reveals a reaction with silicon only at about 725°C. The Schottky barrier height of this amorphous film on n-Si is stable for 30 min annealing up to at least 550°C. With an aluminum overlayer, BS indicates that an amorphous Ni30N21W49 film effectively prevents the metallurgical interaction between aluminum and silicon for 30 min up to 600°C. The Schottky barrier height of that contact configuration is also stable up to at least 550°C, suggesting that amorphous Ni---N---W films have attractive features as diffusion barriers. 相似文献
996.
997.
溶胶-凝胶法制备磷钨酸-硅胶催化合成苹果酯 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了一系列磷钨酸-硅胶催化剂(PW/SG),考察了该催化剂催化乙酰乙酸乙酯与乙二醇液相缩合制备苹果酯的反应性能。实验结果表明,PW质量分数为40%时的PW/SG催化剂表现出最佳的催化活性;40%PW/SG催化剂制备苹果酯的最佳工艺条件为:n(乙酰乙酸乙酯)∶n(乙二醇)=1∶1.2,催化剂用量占反应物质量的0.36%,带水剂环己烷用量占反应物体积的30%,反应温度383K,反应时间90min;在此条件下,乙酰乙酸乙酯的转化率可达95.5%,苹果酯的选择性大于97%;催化剂稳定性实验表明,经5次重复使用,40%PW/SG催化剂的活性基本保持不变,乙酰乙酸乙酯转化率稳定在95.0%左右。 相似文献
998.
Use of climate scenarios to aid in decision analysis for interannual water supply planning 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This work addresses the issue of climate change in the context of water resource planning on the time scale of a few years.
Planning on this time scale generally ignores the role of climate change. However, where the climate of a region has already
shifted, the use of historical data for planning purposes may be misleading. In order to test this, a case study is conducted
for a region, the Australian Capital Territory, where long term drought is raising concerns of a possible climate shift. The
issue is cast in terms of a particular planning decision; the option to augment water supply in the next few years to hedge
against the drought persisting. A set of climate scenarios are constructed for the region corresponding to the historical
climate regime and to regimes where progressively greater levels of change are assumed to have already taken place (5%, 10%,
20% reductions in mean rainfall). Probabilities of the drought persisting are calculated for each of the scenarios. The results
show substantial increases in the probability of the drought persisting for even moderate reductions in mean rainfall. The
sensitivity of the decision to augment supply to the scenario results depends ultimately on the planners tolerable thresholds
for the probability of the drought persisting. The use of different scenarios enables planners to explore the sensitivity
of the decision in terms of their risk tolerance to ongoing drought and to their degree of belief in each of the scenarios
tested. 相似文献
999.
Ram Devanathan William J. Weber 《JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society》2007,59(4):32-35
The safe immobilization of nuclear waste in geological repositories is one of the major scientific challenges facing humanity
today. Crystalline ceramics hold the promise of locking up actinides from nuclear fuel and excess weapons plutonium in their
structure thereby isolating them from the environment. This paper presents the atomistic details of radiation damage in a
model ceramic, zircon. 相似文献
1000.